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Against the Grain - The History of Buffalo’s First Ward - Timothy Bohen

Against the Grain - The History of Buffalo’s First Ward - Timothy Bohen Against the Grain - The History of Buffalo’s First Ward - Timothy Bohen
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Chapter 1

  1. Joseph Dart, “The Grain Elevators of Buffalo,” in the Buffalo Historical Society Publications, ed. Frank H. Severance, (Buffalo: 1870), vol. 1, 401.
  2. Buffalo Evening News, February 24, 1980.
  3. Samuel Manning Welch, Home History: Recollections of Buffalo from the Decade of 1830 to 1840 (Buffalo: Peter Paul and Brothers, 1891), 25.
  4. Tim Tielman, ed., Buffalo’s Waterfront: A Guidebook (Buffalo: Preservation Coalition of Erie County, 1990), 56.
  5. Taken from the title of Michael Vogel’s, et. al., America’s Crossroads.
  6. Richard Dunlop, America’s Master Spy (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company,1982),11.
  7. Welch, Home History: Recollections of Buffalo from the decade of 1830 to 1840, 25.
  8. Joseph L. Rennie, “Bidwell and Banta,” WNY Heritage Magazine 6, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 34.
  9. H. Perry Smith, ed., History of Buffalo and Erie County, (Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., 1884) vol. 1, 79.
  10. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. 1, 67.
  11. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. 1, 111.
  12. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. 1, 683.
  13. Anthony Cave Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero (New York: Times Books, 1982),14.
  14. Erik Brady, “Area’s Changed, but Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier.
  15. Welch, Recollections of Buffalo, 24.
  16. William J. Brown, American Colossus: The Grain Elevator, 1843 to 1943 (Cincinatti: Colossal Books, 2010), 149.
  17. Anthony Cardinale, “Ethnic Heritage Enriches Buffalo," Buffalo News, October 12, 1980.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  20. David A. Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism: Buffalo, New York 1825-60 (Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1989), 122.
  21. Ibid., 343.
  22. Laurence Glasco, Ethnicity and Social Structure: Irish, Germans and Native-Born of Buffalo, N.Y. 1850- 1860 (New York: Arno Press, 1980), 82.
  23. Ibid., 44.
  24. Ibid., 41.
  25. The 1850 Federal Census claims there were 3104 native-born Irish living in the First Ward out of 6397 total in Buffalo.
  26. Gerber, 123.
  27. Glasco, 60, 66.
  28. Ibid., 18.
  29. Gerber, 124.
  30. Survey of the 1860 Buffalo City Directory by author.
  31. Gerber, 125.
  32. Ibid., 125.
  33. Ibid., 124.
  34. Mark Goldman, High Hopes: The Rise and Decline of Buffalo, New York (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 78.
  35. Ibid., 79.
  36. Peter Quinn, Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America (New York: The Overlook Press, 2007), 196.
  37. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” in the New Directions in Irish-American History, ed. Kevin Kenny (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 173.
  38. Quinn, Looking for Jimmy, 165.
  39. Patrick Hickey, “The Famine in the Skibbereen Union: (1845-1851)”, in The Great Irish Famine, ed. Cathal Poirteir (Ireland: Mercier Press, 1995), 196.
  40. Hickey, The Great Irish Famine, 196.
  41. Quinn, Looking for Jimmy, 218.
  42. Frank Delaney, The Celt’s, BBC production, 1987, DVD.
  43. Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 147.
  44. Margaret Ann Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” (unpublished family manuscript, written around 1965 by a member of the Evans family), located at The Irish Center, Buffalo, N.Y., 9.
  45. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 165.
  46. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  47. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 9.
  48. Ibid., 9.
  49. Ibid., 10.
  50. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  51. Richard D. McCarthy, “A Tribute to Buffalo’s First Ward Irish, Speech Delivered at the Transportation Club of Buffalo, Hotel Buffalo, March 17, 1966,” manuscript A66-4, Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, NY, 70.
  52. The author will refer to it as the Beach for the rest of the work.
  53. Jim Shine, personal communication with the author, January 8, 2011.
  54. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 168.
  55. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 10.
  56. Ibid., 10.
  57. Ibid.
  58. From a copy of the 1915 Erie County New York Census located at Waterfront Memories and More Museum.
  59. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 168.
  60. John Nash, “An Irish Story: The Migration of the Irish to Buffalo and Western New York” (Buffalo: John Nash, 2007), DVD.
  61. “One of the City’s Highways Which is but Very Little Known,” Buffalo Times, December 28, 1903.
  62. Mike Vogel, “Seawall Shantytown Fell Victim to Time,” Buffalo News, March 26,1989.
  63. Ibid.
  64. “One of the City’s Highways Which is But Very Little Known,” Buffalo Times, December 28, 1903.
  65. The street was originally spelled Hamburgh and then later changed to Hamburg.
  66. “Union Iron Works Aided War Effort,” Buffalo Evening News, November 9, 1963.
  67. Edward Patton, “Uniontown,” Buffalo Irish Times, August-September 2009.
  68. Edward J. Patton, “Uniontown: Iron Mills, Gin Mills and the Irish who lived in the Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, July 2, 1995.
  69. Margaret Hammersley, “Ganson Street Multimillion Byway,” Buffalo News, August 25, 1951.
  70. Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero, 15.
  71. Ibid., 14.

Chapter 2

  1. Glasco, Ethnicity and Social Structure, 85.
  2. Brown, American Colossus, 100.
  3. Ibid., 151.
  4. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 178.
  5. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. 1, 683.
  6. Glasco, Ethnicity and Social Structure, 85.
  7. Otis H. Williams, Buffalo Old and New:A Chronological History of the Queen City of the Lakes (Buffalo:The Buffalo Courier, 1901), 93.
  8. Brown, American Colossus, 131.
  9. Anthony Trollope, North America, vol. 1 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1862),160.
  10. Mary Alma Duggan, “Bohen Family History” (unpublished family history), author’s copy.
  11. Edward T. Dunn, A History of Railroads in Western New York (Buffalo: Canisius College Press, 2000), 19.
  12. Francis Kowsky, “Monuments of a Vanished Prosperity: Buffalo’s Grain Elevators and the Rise and Fall of the Great Transnational System of Grain Transportation,” in Reconsidering Concrete Atlantis: Buffalo Grain Elevators, ed. Lynda Schneekloth (Buffalo: SUNY UB, 2007), 21.
  13. Dunn, A History of Railroads in Western New York, 61.
  14. T.J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 403.
  15. Ibid., 403.
  16. Ibid., 403.
  17. Kowsky, “Monuments of a Vanished Prosperity,” 27.
  18. Ibid., 21.
  19. Ibid., 27.
  20. Ibid., 27.
  21. Tom Hartley, The Buffalo Century,” a supplment in Business First, 8.
  22. Joseph L. Rennie, Jr., “Bidwell and Banta,” WNY Heritage Magazine 6, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 24.
  23. Ibid., 28.
  24. Ibid., 29.
  25. Ibid., 34.
  26. Ibid., 24.
  27. Ibid., 35.
  28. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 13.
  29. Patton, “Uniontown: Iron Mills, Gin Mills and the Irish Who Lived in the Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, July 2, 1995.
  30. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
  31. Joe Marren, personal correspondence with the author, on September 11, 2011.
  32. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 12.
  33. Medical records of grain scoopers available at Waterfront Memories and More in Buffalo, N.Y.
  34. “Erie Elevator Fire: Five Persons Burned to Death- The Loss $450,000”, New York Times, August 26, 1882.
  35. Edward J. Patton, “Uniontown: Iron Mills, Gin Mills and the Irish who lived in the Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, July 2, 1995.
  36. Miriam Loughran, Historical Development of Child-Labor legislation in the United States (Washington: Catholic University, 1921), 57. (dissertation)
  37. Edward J. Patton, “Uniontown: Buffalo’s Irish Milltown,” Buffalo Irish Festival Guide, August 2009.
  38. Ibid., 38.
  39. John Montague, “The Buffalo Harbor Ferries,” WNY Heritage Magazine 6, no.2 (Spring 2003): 38.
  40. Ibid., 38.
  41. Ibid., 38.
  42. John Downey, “Some of the Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” (unpublished manuscript written by John Downey about the Crowley Family from the First Ward of Buffalo), a copy in the vertical files- neighborhoods-Old First Ward at the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, 6.
  43. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keeps Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  44. Gerber, Making of American Pluralism, 132.
  45. Ibid., 132.
  46. Ibid., 133.
  47. Otis Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 18.
  48. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 7.
  49. Ibid., 8.
  50. Julie Cleary, personal communication with author, June 5, 2009.
  51. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  52. Richard D. McCarthy, “A St. Patrick’s Day Backward Look,” Buffalo News, 1962.
  53. Peter Quinn, Looking for Jimmy, 47.
  54. Ibid., 48.
  55. Ibid., 232.
  56. Democratic Economist, October 21, 1844.
  57. Welch, Recollections of Buffalo, 40.

Chapter 3

  1. Rev. Patrick Cronin, Memorial of the Life and Labor of Bishop Rt. Rev. Stephen Vincent Ryan (Buffalo: Buffalo Catholic Publication Company, 1896), 26.
  2. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 361.
  3. James Fraser Gluck, Addresses and Miscellanies, (Buffalo: Hausauer, Son & Jones, 1904),189.
  4. Goldman, High Hopes, 116.
  5. Ibid., 116.
  6. “Irish,” Vertical Files Ethnic Groups, found in the Buffalo and Erie County Library, 87.
  7. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 375.
  8. Goldman, High Hopes, 118.
  9. “Know-Nothing Riot at Buffalo,” New York Times, July 15, 1854.
  10. Mary Gerald Pierce, Unto All His Mercy: The First Hundred Years of the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of Buffalo, 1858-1958 (Buffalo: Savage Litho Co., 1979), 16.
  11. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 16.
  12. Goldman, High Hopes, 78.
  13. Charles G. Deuther, The Life and Times of the Rt. Rev. John Timon, D.D.: The First Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo (Buffalo: Charles Deuther, 1870), 118.
  14. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 361.
  15. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 160.
  16. Ibid.
  17. Anthony Cardinale, “Ethnic Heritage Enriches Buffalo," The Buffalo News, October 12, 1980.
  18. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 161. (It is unclear what the other “established city institution” the author was referring to because Buffalo General Hospital opened up shortly after Sisters of Charity.)
  19. Catholic Sentinel, 1857.
  20. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 221.
  21. Ibid.
  22. Goldman, High Hopes, 81.
  23. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 274.
  24. Mary Innocentia Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of Buffalo, 1857- 1942, (1942), 35.
  25. Ibid., 37.
  26. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 24.
  27. Ibid., 23.
  28. Ibid., 24.
  29. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 116.
  30. Ibid., 34.
  31. Ibid., 71.
  32. Rev. Thomas Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York: Diocese of Buffalo (Buffalo: Catholic Historical Publishing, 1904), 259. (John Kinney, Malachy Conway, Andrew McGowan and John Coleman all backed out of the deal).
  33. Ibid.
  34. Ibid., 137.
  35. St. Joseph’s Old Cathedral: Buffalo, N.Y., (Hackensack: Custombook, Inc. 1972), 12.
  36. Ibid., 13.
  37. Goldman, High Hopes, 97.
  38. Ibid.
  39. St. Joseph’s Old Cathedral: Buffalo, N.Y., 16.
  40. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church, 240.
  41. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 21.
  42. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church, 245.
  43. Ibid., 246.
  44. $16,000 is equivalent to $365,000 in 2010 dollars
  45. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church, 246.
  46. Ibid.
  47. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 35.
  48. Sister Regina Murphy, personal correspondence with the author, February 15, 2011.
  49. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 256.
  50. Robert J. Rayback, Millard Fillmore: Biography of a President (Newton, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1992), 408.
  51. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 262.
  52. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 149.
  53. Goldman, High Hopes, 79.
  54. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 311.
  55. Kathleen Healy, Frances Warde: American Founder of the Sisters of Mercy, (New York: Seabury Press, 1973), 257.
  56. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 220.
  57. Ibid., 18.
  58. David A. Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee: Passion, Reason, and Politics 1825-1857, Volume 1, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press,2008), 236.
  59. Ibid.
  60. Ibid., 306.
  61. Ibid., 312.
  62. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 158.
  63. “Irish Colonization Convention,” New York Times, February 18, 1856.
  64. Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee, 345.
  65. Ibid.
  66. Ibid., 346.
  67. Ibid.
  68. Ibid., 353.

Chapter 4

  1. Barb Sullivan, John Sullivan’s great-great granddaughter, personal correspondence with the author, April 7, 2011.
  2. Frank A. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Army of the Potomac (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, 1996), 16.
  3. David Bertuca, personal communication with the author, September 12, 2011.
  4. David J. Bertuca, “Buffalo Irish and the Civil War,” Buffalo Irish Times, December 2009-January 2010.
  5. Buffalo Irish Times, February 2009.
  6. Edward T. Dunn, A History of Railroads in Western New York (Buffalo: Canisius College Press, 2000), 62.
  7. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. I, 287.
  8. “Corcoran’s Irish Zouaves: The 164th New York State Volunteers,” Kevin O’Beirne, accessed on September 11, 2011, http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dbertuca/g/164thNYVols.html.
  9. Frank A. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows, 358.
  10. “An Irish Story: The Migration of the Irish to Buffalo and Western New York” by John Nash, 2007, DVD.
  11. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows, 408.
  12. Goldman, High Hopes, 93-94.
  13. Ibid.
  14. E. Littell, “The Fenians in Canada,” The Living Age, vol. 89 (Boston: Littell, Sons, and Company, April, May, June 1866), 406.
  15. “The Fenian Raid and the Battle of Ridgeway June 1-3 1866,” Benedict Maryniak, accessed on September 11, 2011, http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dbertuca/g/FenianRaid.html.
  16. Bill Donohue, Patrick Donohue’s great-grandson, interviewed by the author, April 5, 2011.
  17. C. Douglas Kohler, “For I Never Would Have Surrendered: The 1866 Fenian Invasion of Canada,” Western New York Heritage Magazine 13, no.4 (Winter 2011): 12.
  18. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 6.
  19. Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero, 16.
  20. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 6.
  21. Kohler, “For I Never Would Have Surrendered: The 1866 Fenian Invasion of Canada,”13.
  22. Ibid., 14.
  23. Ibid.,16.
  24. Bradley A. Rogers, Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 113.
  25. Ibid., 119.
  26. Mabel Gregory Walker, The Fenian Movement (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher,1969), 103.
  27. “Meade Came Here to Quell Fenians,” Buffalo Evening News, November 9, 1963.
  28. “Fenian Raid (s) in Upper and Lower Canada,” accessed on January 15, 2011, http://www.doyle.com.au/fenian_raids.htm.
  29. Walker, Fenian Movement, 126.
  30. Anne Matthews, “Kegga O’Brian Could Write a Book About It and Maybe Some Day He Will,” Courier-Express, January 6, 1974.
  31. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 14.
  32. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 155.
  33. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows, 30.
  34. Edward Alfred D’Alton, History of Ireland: From the Earliest of Times to the Present Day, vol.6 (London: Gresham Publishing Company, 1911), 281.
  35. Catholic Union and Times, January 29, 1880.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Ibid. ($7000 is equivalent to $154,000 in 2010).
  38. “Land League, St. Stephen’s Hall,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 24, 1935.
  39. Ibid.
  40. Ely M. Janis, “Petticoat Revolutionaries: Gender, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Irish Land League in the United States,” Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no.2 (Winter 2008): 18.
  41. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 85.
  42. Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (London: Harper and Brothers, 1904), 365.
  43. Ibid., 366.
  44. Thomas Power O’Connor and Robert McWade, Gladstone-Parnell and the Great Irish Struggle (San Francisco: Pacific Publishing Company, 1891), 513.
  45. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 389.
  46. O’Connor-McWade, Gladstone-Parnell and the Great Irish Struggle, 533.
  47. “Michael Davitt in Buffalo,” New York Times, June 30, 1882.
  48. Frederick Elizur Goodrich, The Life and Public Services of Grover Cleveland, (Wilkes Barre, P.A.: James Crogan Publisher, 1884), 333.
  49. Ibid.
  50. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 84.
  51. O’Connor-McWade, Gladstone-Parnell and the Great Irish Struggle, 543.
  52. “Erin’s American Friends,” New York Times, December 21, 1890.
  53. William Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas: Networks and Identities among the Irish in Buffalo and Toronto, 1870-1910,” Immigrants and Minorities, 23 (2005), 379.
  54. “In Memory of Robert Emmet,” Catholic Union and Times, March 4, 1909.
  55. Dave Hannigan, De Valera in America: The Rebel President and the Making of Irish Independence (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), 102-103.

Chapter 5

  1. While Michael Shea, Michael Regan, and William H. Ryan were not born in the Ward, they lived there during their formative years and as adults and were part of this impressive generation.
  2. Quinn, Looking for Jimmy, 228.
  3. Ibid., 95.
  4. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  5. Steven Erie, Rainbow’s End: Irish Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 2.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Erie, Rainbow’s End, 3.
  10. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 174.
  11. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. II, 137.
  12. Ibid., 130.
  13. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol IX (New York: James T. White & Company, 1893), 280.
  14. Armitage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, 95.
  15. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol IX, 280.
  16. “John C. Sheehan, Defaulter,” New York Times, December 25, 1893.
  17. Republicans held a 3,500-voter advantage.
  18. Alyn Bodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, 40.
  19. Armitage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, 94.
  20. Bodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, 40.
  21. “Sheehan Must Now Resign: The Police Board is Not a Place for Defaulters,” New York Times, December 27, 1893.
  22. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol. IX, 280.
  23. New York Times, April 30, 1904.
  24. New York Times, May 30, 1899.
  25. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol. IV (New York: James T. White & Company, 1893), 494.
  26. New York Times, November 11, 1892.
  27. “Sheehan is Leading in Senate Contest, ”New York Times, December 30, 1910.
  28. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, 56.
  29. Ibid., 55.
  30. “Buffalo Lukewarm to Sheehan’s Plea,” New York Times, February, 15, 1911.
  31. Ibid.
  32. John Lord O’Brian, “The Reminiscences of John Lord O’Brian,” interview by Dean Alberston, (New York: Columbia University Oral History Research Office, 1953), 114.
  33. “The Extreme Penalty: Executions of Patrick Morrissey at Buffalo,” New York Times, September 7, 1872.
    34. 
  34. Michael N. Vogel, Edward J. Patton, and Paul F. Redding. America’s Crossroads: Buffalo’s Canal Street/Dante Place: The Making of a City (Buffalo: The Heritage Press, 1993), 131.
  35. Vogel, America’s Crossroads, 130-131.
  36. Armitage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, 59.
  37. Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, 43.
  38. Ibid., 44.
  39. Armtiage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, 184.
  40. Ibid., 265.
  41. “Buffalo Sick of Sheehanism,” New York Times, December 29, 1893.
  42. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 21.
  43. Jenkins, Immigrants & Minorities, vol. 23, nos. 2-3, July-November 2005, 367.
  44. Ibid.
  45. “Denouncing Sheehanites: Police Justice King Speaks His Mind About Buffalo’s Excise Board,” New York Times, July 16, 1893.
  46. “Buffalo Sick of Sheehanism,” New York Times, December 29, 1893.
  47. John Palmer, Journal of the Constitutional of the State of New York. (Albany: Argus Company, 1895), 279.
  48. New York Times, December 31, 1893.
  49. Armitage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, 199.
  50. Ibid., 200.
  51. Ibid.
  52. “J.C. Sheehan Dies, Ex-Tammany Head,” New York Times, February 10, 1916.
  53. Donohue, History of Catholic Church, 416.
  54. “J.P. Sullivan Ex-Democractic Leader, Expires,” Buffalo News, January 29, 1930.
  55. Ibid.
  56. In the late 1890s he was actually the alderman of the Second Ward because the quickly growing First Ward was split into two different wards.
  57. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  58. Barbara Sullivan, personal correspondence with the author, November 2, 2010.
  59. “J. P. Sullivan Ex-Democratic Leader, Expires,” The Buffalo News, January 29, 1930.
  60. Ibid.
  61. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  62. Donohue, History of Catholic Church, 416.
  63. “J. P. Sullivan Ex-Democratic Leader, Expires,” The Buffalo News, January 29, 1930.
  64. Men of New York, vol. 1 (Buffalo: Geo. E. Matthews & Co., 1898), 205.
  65. Donohue, History of Catholic Church in Buffalo, 412.
  66. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 108.
  67. Sam Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York, Dies at 82,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
  68. Sam Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York, Dies at 82,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
  69. John Nash “Irish immigration to Buffalo”, DVD
  70. Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York, Dies at 82,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
  71. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
  72. “Andrew Morrisey Dies; Former Councilman,” Buffalo News, August 30, 1983.
  73. Bill Lawley, Sr., personal correspondence with the author, December 21, 2011.
  74. Ibid.
  75. Ibid.
  76. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keeps Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 16, 1991.
  77. William Jenkins “In Search of the Lace Curtain: Residential Mobility, Class Transformation, and Everyday Practice among Buffalo’s Irish, 1880 1910,” Journal of Urban History 35, no. 7 (2009): 976.

Chapter 6

  1. “Irish,” Vertical Files Ethnic Groups, found in the Buffalo and Erie County Library.
  2. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  3. Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism, 257.
  4. Ibid., 258.
  5. Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism, 160.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Ibid., 254.
  8. Otis H. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 67.
  9. T.J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 539.
  10. Dunn, History of Railroads, 65.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Otis H. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 77.
  13. Dunn, History of Railroads, 65.
  14. Ibid., 67.
  15. Ibid., 68.
  16. Ibid., 69.
  17. Ibid., 70.
  18. Ibid., 72.
  19. bid., 73.
  20. Ibid., 108.
  21. Ibid., 117.
  22. Ibid., 121.
  23. Ibid., 124.
  24. Ibid., 127.
  25. Ibid., 130.
  26. Ibid., 131.
  27. Ibid., 132.
  28. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  29. Ibid.
  30. Ibid.
  31. “Death Ends Buffalo’s Most Colorful Career,” Buffalo Courier, October 6, 1929.
  32. Ibid.
  33. William A. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, D.D.,Third Bishop of Buffalo (Buffalo: Buffalo Catholic Publication, 1897), 4.
  34. Ibid.,11.
  35. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 17.
  36. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, 6.
  37. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 17.
  38. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 29.
  39. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 11.
  40. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 178.
  41. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  42. Fred O. Williams, “Deadly Strike Made History 100 Years Ago,” Buffalo News, June 13, 1999.
  43. Duggan, “Bohen Family History,” (unpublished manuscript).
  44. Ibid.
  45. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 12.
  46. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  47. Leo XIII. Rerum Novarum. Enclyclical on Capital and Labor. May 15, 1891.
  48. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 12.
  49. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 60.
  50. “The Rise of Rowland Mahany,” New York Times, February 21, 1892.
  51. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  52. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 13.
  53. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 181.
  54. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 13.
  55. Fred O. Williams, “Deadly Strike Made History 100 Years Ago,” Buffalo News,” June 13, 1999.
  56. Ibid.
  57. “Buffalo Strike Not Settled,” New York Times, May 20, 1899.
  58. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  59. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 13.
  60. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
  61. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” 15.
  62. “Death Ends Buffalo’s Most Colorful Career,” Buffalo Courier, October 6, 1929.
  63. Ibid.
  64. “Bishop Quigley Noted as Friend of Workers, Unions,” The Union and Echo, May 11, 1945.
  65. Ibid.
  66. Tim Tielman, tour of the First Ward attended by the author, November 8, 2008.
  67. Fred Brill, phone interview with author on January 5, 2011. Copy of the union document at W.M.M.
  68. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 160.
  69. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  70. “Labor Head offers help for Harding: T.V. O’Connor, Longshoremen says Workers Fear Domination of Solid South,” New York Times, August 4, 1920.
  71. “T.V. O’Connor’s Rise to High Office Illustrates Unbeatable Personality,” Buffalo Times, February 10, 1924.

Chpater 7

  1. “Michigan Street Drawbridge, Buffalo, N.Y.,” Engineering News, August 19, 1897, 126.
  2. Ibid., 127.
  3. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 176.
  4. Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Buffalo Fire Department 1900 (Buffalo: Buffalo Fire Department, 1901).
  5. Otis H. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 102.
  6. Ibid., 103.
  7. “Erie Elevator Fire: Five Persons Burned to Death-The Loss $450,000,” New York Times, August 26, 1882.
  8. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 109.
  9. Jeremiah J. Sullivan, ed., The Buffalo Fire Department Celebrates 100 years: 1880-1980, (Kansas City: Kansas City Printing and Graphic Communication,1980), 95.
  10. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 12.
  11. Jack Supple, interview with the author, November 10, 2007.
  12. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 12.
  13. Jack Supple, interview with the author, November 10, 2007.
  14. Report of Buffalo Fire Department For the Year Ending June 30th 1923, (Buffalo: Buffalo Fire Department, 1923), 16-22.
  15. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 342.
  16. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 176.
  17. 1910 Annual Report of the Buffalo Board of Police and Commissioners of the Buffalo Fire Department
  18. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 175.
  19. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
  20. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 22.
  21. Men of New York, vol. 1, (Buffalo: Geo. E. Matthews & Co., 1898), 285.
  22. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  23. Men of New York, vol. 1, 13.
  24. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 98.
  25. Ibid.
  26. “Thomas O’Donnell, 79, Dies; Sat on State Supreme Court,” New York Times, June 30, 1984.
  27. John Lord O’Brian, “The Reminiscences of John Lord O’Brian,” interview by Dean Alberston, (New York: Columbia University Oral History Research Office, 1953), 35. Located at University of Buffalo Law Library.
  28. “Tells of Foreigner Here,” New York Times, October 9, 1918.
  29. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  30. Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero, 13.
  31. Ibid., 15-16.
  32. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 10.
  33. Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero, 15.
  34. Ibid., 17.
  35. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 18.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Information from Congressional Medal of Honor citation presented to Lt. Colonel William J. Donovan.
  38. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 4.
  39. Buffalo News, n.d.
  40. Daniel J. Sweeney, ed., History of Buffalo and Erie County: 1914-1919 (Buffalo: Committee of One Hundred, 1919), 496.
  41. Ibid.
  42. http://www.americansteamship.com/asc-founders.php, accessed on February 12, 2011.
  43. Ibid.
  44. Merton M. Wilner, Niagara Frontier: A Narrative and Documentary History, vol. IV, (Chicago: The S.J. Clark Publishing Company, 1931), 330-333.
  45. Ibid., 156-157.
  46. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward.”

Chapter 8

  1. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 170.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
  4. “Disorderly Bars Must Go, Says Regan,” Buffalo Courier, April 1, 1910.
  5. Downey, “Some of the Neglected Areas of the First Ward.”
  6. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
  7. Jenkins, Immigrants & Minorities, 366.
  8. John Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward in the Twenties, Thirties and Forties” (unpublished manuscript, April 9, 1982), 115.
  9. Jerry Malloy, correspondence with the author, November 20, 2011.
  10. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 15.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Tim Tielman, First Ward tour attended by author, summer 2009.
  13. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward, 23.
  14. Ibid., 43.
  15. Anthony Cardinale, “The First Ward: Looking Back to a Glorious Time and Place”, Buffalo News, February 5, 1978.
  16. Ibid.
  17. “Son of Police Lieutenant is Bullet Victim,” Buffalo Courier-Express, December 26, 1929, and William H. Siener, “A Barricade of Ships, Guns, Airplanes and Men: Arming the Niagara Border,” 1920-1939,” Association for Canadian Studies in the United States, February 6, 2009.
  18. George “Chickie” Evans, personal correspondence with author, February 23, 2010.
  19. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 15.
  20. Jerry Quinn, personal correspondence with author, December 1, 2010.
  21. George “Chickie” Evans, personal correspondence with author, February 23, 2010.
  22. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 386.
  23. Jerry Quinn, personal correspondence with author, December 1, 2010.
  24. Thomas J. Murphy, The Mayor’s Aunt: A Chronicle of One Life Spent in Buffalo, N.Y. During the 20th Century, (New York: iUniverse, 2007), 7.
  25. “Irish Paraders Dare Wind, Cold,” Buffalo Times, March 16, 1935.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Henry Wayland Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, New York: A History 1720-1923 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc., 1923), 153.
  28. Ibid.
  29. Ibid.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Ibid.,152.
  32. “Shea’s Theater Beautified,” Buffalo Express, December 23, 1900.
  33. Shea’s program from 1926 from author’s collection.
  34. Hill, Municipality of Buffalo,153.
  35. Ibid.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Paul McQuillen, “Shea’ Buffalo-Buffalo’s Palace,” The Buffalo Downtowner, September 2008, 6.
  38. Ibid.
  39. Paul McQuillen, “Michael Shea Buffalo’s Theater Master,” The Buffalo Downtowner, September 2008, 7.
  40. Ibid.
  41. “1975 Application for the National Register of Historic Places for Shea’s Buffalo Theatre,” accessed on November 19, 2011, www.buffaloah.com.
  42. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 154.
  43. Patricia Anne Martin, “The Influence of the Irish in Buffalo from 1820 to 1866,” (unpublished manuscript written April 17, 1962) found in the Irish vertical files at the Buffalo and Erie County Library.
  44. Ibid.
  45. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 154.
  46. Ibid., 258.
  47. M. Joseph Schroeder, The Blackthorn Club, Inc. 75th Anniversary (1917-1992), (Buffalo: Rocklyn Printing Co., October 24, 1992), 8.
  48. M. Joseph Schroeder, The Blackthorn Club, 10-11.
  49. William A. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, D.D.,Third Bishop of Buffalo (Buffalo: Buffalo Catholic Publication, 1897), 32.
  50. Buffalo Times, February 19, 1928.
  51. Buffalo Express, May 6, 1910.
  52. Buffalo Times, February 19, 1928.
  53. “Mutual Rowing Club-Silver Jubilee Celebration,” Buffalo Express, 1906.
  54. List of prominent members can be found at Waterfront Memories and More Museum.
  55. “Buffalo Oarsmen: Mutual Rowing Club is leading an active Existence,” Buffalo Express, June 23, 1902.
  56. Official program July 4, 1915 of rowing regatta found at Waterfront Memories and More.
  57. A copy of William Aman’s obituary, January 22, 1932 (Buffalo Newspaper unknown).
  58. “National Sculling Champ,” Time, August 13, 1923.
  59. Ibid.
  60. Ed Patton, “Uniontown: The End of the Story,” Buffalo Irish Times, August-Sept 2009.
  61. Edward J. Patton, “Uniontown: Iron Mills, Gin Mills and the Irish who lived in the Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, July 2, 1995.
  62. Buffalo Express, May 19, 1890.
  63. Brian Meyer and David Breslawski, The World According to Griffin (Buffalo: Meyer Enterprises, 1985), 120.
  64. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
  65. Henry Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, 153.
  66. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward,” 35.
  67. Buffalo Express, “1907 Greatest of All Picnics,” 1907. (n.d.)
  68. Morning Express, August 28, 1911.
  69. John Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward (unpublished manuscript of the Crowley family), 18. Copy found at Waterfront Memories and More.
  70. Joan Scahill, “Memories of the Old First Ward,” Buffalo Irish Times, January 2000.
  71. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 18.
  72. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
  73. Jim Graham, written correspondence to author, October 26, 2009.
  74. John Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward, 137.
  75. Frank Wakefield, “Slattery Career Fit for Screen,” Buffalo News, July 29, 1984.
  76. Tony Cardinale, “The Story of Jimmy Slattery: This is What Happened to the Toughest Kid in the Ward,” The Buffalo Fan, 8. Copy found at Waterfront Memories and More.
  77. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front,” 137.
  78. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News August 22, 2006.
  79. Ibid.
  80. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front,” 139.
  81. Joe Marren, personal correspondence with the author, September 11, 2011.
  82. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News August 22, 2006.
  83. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front,”139.
  84. Frank Wakefield, “Slattery Career Fit for Screen,” Buffalo News, July 29, 1984.
  85. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News August 22, 2006.
  86. Ibid.
  87. Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism, 148-150.
  88. Cronin, The Life and Labors of Bishop Ryan, 36.
  89. Ibid.
  90. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News August 22, 2006.
  91. Daniel P. Starr, The Golden Age of Buffalo Sports: 1945-1950, (Buffalo: Buffalo Heritage Unlimited), 2009, 224.
  92. Larry Felser, “Scanlon was One of the Area’s All-time Greatest Boxers,” Buffalo News, April 10, 2010.
  93. Found in the “Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame” brochure, November 4, 2010.

Chapter 9

  1. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 14.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Downey, “Some of the Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 5.
  4. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  5. Hasia R. Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore and London: The John’s Hopkins University Press, 1983), 46.
  6. Pat Regan, personal communication with the author, December 28, 2011.
  7. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day keep Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 16, 1991.
  8. Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas,” 375.
  9. Edward T. Dunn, Buffalo’s Delaware Avenue: Mansions and Families, (Buffalo: Buffalo Heritage Unlimited, 2003), 53.
  10. Glasco, Ethnicity and Social Structure, 217.
  11. Ibid., 208.
  12. Ibid., 222.
  13. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 173.
  14. Gerber, Making an American Pluralism, 127.
  15. Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America, 95.
  16. Ibid., 71.
  17. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 38.
  18. 1860 City of Buffalo Directory.
  19. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 5.
  20. Pat Regan, personal communication with the author, December 28, 2011.
  21. Pat Regan, personal communication with the author, January 16, 2012.
  22. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 12.
  23. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 14.
  24. Buffalo Courier, October 17, 1857.
  25. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, Mary 17, 1966.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 4.
  28. Ibid., 5.
  29. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 9.
  30. Mary Dyczek, phone interview with the author, June 4, 2010.
  31. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Stirs First Ward Memories,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  32. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 98.
  33. Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century, 98.
  34. G. Morton Weed, School Days of Yesterday: Buffalo Public School History, (Buffalo: Buffalo Board of Education, 2001), 35.
  35. Weed, School Days of Yesterday, 36.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Thirty-second Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Schools. (Buffalo, 1868), 54.
  38. Ibid., 72.
  39. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 10.
  40. Superintendent of Education, Annual Report, 1889-1890, (Buffalo: Buffalo Public Schools), 28, 103, 117.
  41. Weed, School Days of Yesterday, 53.
  42. Ibid.
  43. The Dial, South Park High School Yearbook, 1927.
  44. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 33.
  45. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, March 17, 1966.
  46. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 47.
  47. Ibid., 36.
  48. Ibid., 37.
  49. The Catholic Church in the United States of America, vol.2 (New York: the Catholic Editing Company, 1913), 373.
  50. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  51. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 72.
  52. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 47.
  53. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 88.
  54. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 48.
  55. Ibid., 377.
  56. Ibid.
  57. Ibid., 379.
  58. Jenkins “Social and Geographical Mobility,” 226.
  59. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States: 1900. Population, II, P. 706.
  60. Cronin, Life and Labors of Bishop Ryan, 52.
  61. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, D.D., 80.
  62. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 4.
  63. Daniel Bohen’s obituary, Buffalo Courier, April 22, 1943.
  64. Roger Dooley, House of Shanahan (Garden City, N.Y.: The Country Life Press, 1952), 228.
  65. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 11.
  66. Brady, “Area’s Changed, But Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 17, 1981.
  67. Peggy Overdorf, personal communication with the author, February 8, 2010.
  68. Jim Shine, interview with author, on January 8, 2011.
  69. Dooley, Days Beyond Recall, 6.
  70. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 2.
  71. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 14.
  72. Dooley, House of Shanahan, 26.
  73. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, March 17, 1966.
  74. 1888 Map of Buffalo, Matthews, Northrup & Co., 1888.
  75. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront and Life in the First Ward,” 47.
  76. Ibid., 26.
  77. Ibid., 15.
  78. Ibid.
  79. Roger Dooley, Days Beyond Recall, (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1949), 3.
  80. Dooley, House of Shanahan, 26.
  81. Baldyga, “Trip around Buffalo’s Waterfront and life in the First Ward,” 128.
  82. Tom Dixon, personal communication with the author, September 17, 2011.
  83. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Stirs First Ward Memories,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  84. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, March 17, 1966.
  85. Baldyga, “Trip around Buffalo’s Waterfront and life in the First Ward,” 22.
  86. Ibid., 146.
  87. Ibid., 147.
  88. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, March 17, 1966.

Chapter 10

  1. Margaret Ann Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 3.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas,” 375.
  5. Jenkins, “In Search of Lace Curtain: Residential Mobility, Class Transformation and Everyday Practice among Buffalo’s Irish: 1880-1910,” Journal of Urban History, 35 (2009), 983.
  6. Sister Helen Parot, personal correspondence with the author, January 19, 2012.
  7. Transcript of Congressman Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, March 17, 1966.
  8. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Stirs First Ward Memories,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  9. The March 1937 St. Brigid’s, “The Monthly Bulletin” found at W.M.M.
  10. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 246.
  11. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 40.
  12. Ibid.
  13. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 2
  14. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 42.
  15. Dooley, House of Shanahan, 228.
  16. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 43
  17. Ray Hill, “At foundering St. Brigid’s, Faith of Parish is Unsinkable,” Buffalo News, July 8, 1984.
  18. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 43
  19. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 263.
  20. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 103
  21. Sheriff Tom Higgins, interview with author, summer 2009.
  22. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 263.
  23. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 103.
  24. Ibid., 104.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 105.
  27. Ibid.
  28. The Story of St. Stephen’s Church and the Bicentennial History of Catholic America, (Hackensack: Custombook, Inc, 1976), 11.
  29. Ibid., 12.
  30. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 106.
  31. The Story of St. Stephen’s Church, 17.
  32. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 107.
  33. Ibid.
  34. The Story of St. Stephen’s Church, 21.
  35. John R. Fleming, Jr., “Sr. M. Mechtilde Dies; Led Hospital,” Courier-Express, September 14, 1978.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 2.
  39. Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, November 22, 1897.
  40. Anne Matthews, Courier-Express, January 6, 1974.
  41. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 216.
  42. Courier-Express, “Msgr. Nash to be Invested at Rites Nov. 12,” November 4, 1934.
  43. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 404.
  44. John Nash, grand-nephew of the monsignor, interview with the author, August 18, 2011.
  45. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 221.
  46. Ibid.
  47. Ibid.
  48. A copy of the Last Will and Testament of Rt. Rev. John J. Nash, $3000 in 1952 = $24,000 in 2010.
  49. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 104.
  50. World War I draft card accessed on Ancestry.com on August 30, 2011.
  51. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 369.
  52. Ibid.
  53. Ibid., 321-322.
  54. Ibid., 297.
  55. “Labor is Warned of ‘Enemy Within,” New York Times, January 29, 1940.
  56. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 298.
  57. Ibid.
  58. Ibid., 468.
  59. From a copy of Sister Edmunda Roche’s biography given by Sister Helen Parot.
  60. “Mother of Good Counsel Msgr. Edward Roche Dies,” Blasdell-Woodlawn Front Page, December 24, 1964.
  61. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 23.
  62. Mike Catanzaro, personal communication with the author, February 15, 2011.
  63. Joan Scahill, phone conversation with author, September 18, 2011.

Chapter 11

  1. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 167.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 12.
  4. 1910 U.S. Federal Census information from a handout created by Dr. William Jenkins.
  5. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 177.
  6. Goldman, High Hopes, 78.
  7. Ibid., 78-79.
  8. Jenkins, “Social and Geographical Mobility,” 269.
  9. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 10.
  10. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  11. James Napora, http://buffaloah.com/how/30/south.html, accessed on January 15, 2011
  12. James Napora, http://buffaloah.com/how/29/south.html, accessed on January 15, 2011
  13. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 73.
  14. Ibid., 75.
  15. Ibid., 83.
  16. Dooley, House of Shanahan, 119.
  17. Bert Hyde, interview with author, June 21, 2010.
  18. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 10.
  19. Jenkins, Immigrants & Minorities “Deconstructing Diasporas,” 372.
  20. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 181.
  21. “One of the City’s Highways Which is But Very Little Known, ”Buffalo Times, December 28, 1903.
  22. “A Policy in a Nutshell, ”Commercial, March 2, 1903.
  23. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 168.
  24. Jenkins “Social and Geographical Mobility,” 270.
  25. Ibid., 257.
  26. Tom Hartley, “Buffalo in the 20th Century,” a supplement in Business First, 10.
  27. Brown, American Colossus, 180.
  28. Transcript of a tour given by local historian Tim Tielman on November 8, 1998.
  29. James Fink, “Buffalo Century,” Business First, 14.
  30. Richard D. McCarthy, “A St. Patrick’s Day Backward Look at Lively Times in the Old First Ward,” Buffalo Evening News, March 17, 1962.
  31. Mike Catanzaro, correspondence with the author, February 15, 2011.
  32. Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community, 112
  33. New York Times, March 19, 1894.
  34. Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community, 114.
  35. “Race Hatred is Alleged,” Express, June 8, 1907, and Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community, 112.
  36. Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community, 120.
  37. Taylor, Desegregation in Boston and Buffalo, 33.
  38. Jim McGeever, interview with author, April 13, 2009.
  39. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 10-11.
  40. Mike Catanzaro, correspondence with the author, February 15, 2011.
  41. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 43.
  42. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 7.
  43. Downey, “Some Neglected Areas of the First Ward,” 19.
  44. 50 year History of St. Valentine’s Parish, 10. Copy fournd at Waterfront Memories and More.
  45. Ibid.
  46. Ibid., 11.
  47. Ibid., 7.
  48. The Annual Report: Parishioners and Their Paid Church Support, 1943. Found at W.M.M.
  49. Mary Dyczek, personal communication with author, June 4, 2010.
  50. Mike Catanzaro, personal communication with author, February 15, 2011.
  51. Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 176.
  52. Joe Marren, “Buffalo Century,” a supplement of Buffalo First, 16.
  53. Brown, American Colossus, 180.
  54. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward,” 83.
  55. Mary Dyczek correspondence with author, June 4, 2010.
  56. Bert Hyde, correspondence with the author, June 1, 2010.
  57. Mark Sommer, Buffalo News, October 17, 2010.
  58. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward,” 86.
  59. Ibid., 86-87.
  60. Ibid., 86.
  61. John J. Spagnoli, “Buffalo River Urban Canoe Trail,” (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, n.d.,), 19.
  62. Meyer, World According to Griffin, 121.
  63. Ibid.
  64. Mary Dyczek, personal correspondence with author, June 4, 2010.
  65. Ray Hill, “Roll Call of Nicknames to Liven Ward ‘Hooley,’” Buffalo News, October 30, 1988.
  66. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day keep Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 16, 1991.
  67. Ibid.
  68. Mary Dyczek, correspondence with the author, June 4, 2010.
  69. Buffalo Courier, March 3, 1939.
  70. Buffalo Times, May 14, 1939 and May 26, 1939.
  71. Rennie, “Bidwell and Banta,” 34.
  72. “Civic Problems to Be Aired on Pioneer Cruise,” Buffalo Courier, August 14, 1940.
  73. From an article from July 19, 1940 in either The Buffalo News or Courier. No title found.
  74. Rick James, The Confessions of Rick James: Memoirs of a Super Freak (Phoenix: Colossus Books, 2007), 19.
  75. Taylor, Desegregation in Boston and Buffalo, 61.
  76. James, The Confessions of Rick James, 13.
  77. Erik Brady, “Area’s Changed, But Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 17, 1981.
  78. Dale Anderson, “The Neglected Neighborhood,” Buffalo Evening News, December 7, 1979.
  79. Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism, 337.
  80. Ibid., 406.
  81. Ibid., 162.
  82. Niles Carpenter, “Nationality, Color, and Economic Opportunity in the City of Buffalo,” The University of Buffalo Studies, vol. 5, no.4, June 1927, 158.
  83. St. Brigid’s class photos found at Waterfront Memories and More Museum.
  84. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 43.

Chapter 12

  1. ”Joan Scahill, “Memories of the Old First Ward,” Buffalo Irish Times, December 1999-January 2000.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Jim Graham, communication with the author, October 30, 2010.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Jim Graham, communication with the author, October 30, 2010.
  6. Mike Catanzaro, communication with the author, January 13, 2012.
  7. Jim Graham, communication with the author, October 30, 2010.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keeps Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  10. Jim McGeever, interview with the author, April 13, 2009.
  11. Ray Hill, Buffalo News, 1986.
  12. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keeps Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 16, 1991.
  13. Bert Hyde, interview with author, June 21, 2010.
  14. Erik Brady, “Area’s Changed, but Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 17, 1981.
  15. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront.”
  16. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways by the Shannon,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
  17. Jack Montondo, interview with author, September 19, 2009.
  18. Brady, “Area’s Changed, But Residents Remain Close-Knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 17, 1981.
  19. Ibid.
  20. Bert Hyde, interview with author, May 10, 2011.
  21. Jim McGeever, interview with author, April 13, 2009.
  22. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 27, and 1954 list of businesses on South Park Avenue at W.M.M.
  23. List of businesses in the First Ward found at W.M.M.
  24. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 50.
  25. Ibid., 40.
  26. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keep Old Fervor in First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  27. Tim Bohen Sr., interview with author, February 25, 2011.
  28. Ray Hill, “Closing of ‘the Store’ Ends First Ward Era,” Buffalo News, November 30, 1990.
  29. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 56.
  30. Ray Hill, “St. Patrick’s Day Keep Old Fervor in First Ward, ”Buffalo News, March 17, 1989.
  31. Ray Hill, “Roll Call of Nicknames to Liven Ward ‘Hooley,’” Buffalo News, October 30, 1988.
  32. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 59.
  33. “Civic Problems to be Aired on Pioneer Cruise,” Buffalo Courier, August 14, 1940.
  34. Geraldine Butler, personal communication with the author, February 29, 2012.
  35. Bert Hyde, interview with the author, May 10, 2011.
  36. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 76.
  37. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 25.
  38. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 35.
  39. Meyer, The World According to Griffin, 120.
  40. Jim McGeever, interview with author, April 13, 2009.
  41. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 54.
  42. Jack Montondo, interview with the author, September 19, 2009.
  43. Jim Graham, communication with the author, October 30, 2010.
  44. List available at Waterfront Memories & More Museum.
  45. Ray Hill, “It’s Last Call at Sam McCarthy’s Corner Tavern,” Buffalo News, [n.d. but in1986].
  46. Price of food was in 1986 dollars.
  47. Jim Bisco, “The McCarthy Brothers Provide Low-priced Drinks and Food and Put a High Price on Friendship and the Social Amenities of the Neighborhood,” Buffalo Evening News, December 7, 1979.
  48. James Fink, “The First Ward May Rise Again,” Business First, July 23, 1990.
  49. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 221.
  50. Ibid., 229.
  51. “Buffalo’s Wild Bill Donovan,” documentary produced by WNED, November 11, 2007.
  52. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 506.
  53. Salvatore Martoche, lecture at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society attended by author, June 2, 2010.
  54. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 4.
  55. Ibid.
  56. Ibid.
  57. William Milhomme, “The Priest Aboard the Doomed USS Indianapolis,” Faith Magazine, December 21, 1995.
  58. Ibid.
  59. Tom Krzeminski, interview with author, April 29, 2010.
  60. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/docs/boards/sachem.pdf, accessed on August 12, 2011.
  61. Don Thompson, interview with the author, August 11, 2011.
  62. Dave Mann, interview with the author, September 19, 2009.
  63. Gene Overdorf, tour of the First Ward attended by the author, Fall 2009.
  64. Douglas Martin, “Columnist of the Entertainment World,” New York Times, November 8, 2000.
  65. Ibid.
  66. Gherlione, CBS’s Don Hollenbeck, 117.
  67. Ibid.
  68. Ibid.
  69. Ibid.
  70. Ibid.
  71. Ibid.
  72. Ibid.
  73. Ibid., 118.
  74. Ibid.
  75. Ibid., 137.
  76. “The Man with the Popular Mind,” Time, November 20, 1964.
  77. Ibid.
  78. Steve Allen, “Jack O’Brian and the Art of Criticism,” Village Voice, March 19, 1958.
  79. Ghiglione, CBS’s Don Hollenbeck, 115.
  80. Ibid., 137.
  81. Ibid., 137-140.
  82. Ibid., 212.
  83. Ibid., 223.
  84. Ibid.
  85. Erik Brady, “Area’s Changed, but Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express March 17, 1981.
  86. Anne Matthews, “Nicknames and Other Lore of Old First Ward,” Courier-Express January 6, 1974.
  87. Ibid.
  88. Ibid.
  89. Ibid.
  90. Richard McCarthy speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo March 17, 1966.
  91. George Evans, personal communication with the author, February 23, 2012.

Chapter 13

  1. Brown, American Colossus, 97.
  2. Ibid., 181.
  3. “The Hemisphere: St. Lawrence Seaway,” Time, June 6, 1955.
  4. “Civic Problems to be Aired on Pioneer Cruise, ” Buffalo Courier, August 14, 1940.
  5. “The Hemisphere: St. Lawrence Seaway,” Time, June 6, 1955.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Souvenir Historical Book for Buffalo’s 125th Anniversary World Port Celebration 1957.
  8. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 72.
  9. “A Severe Storm at Buffalo,” New York Times, December 16, 1884.
  10. Mike Vogel, “Seawall Shantytown Feel Victim to Time,” Buffalo News, March 26, 1989.
  11. Williams, Buffalo Old and New, 119.
  12. 1908 City of Buffalo Common Council Proceedings found in the Buffalo and Erie County Library.
  13. “Death and Destruction in Wake of Hurricane,” Buffalo Courier, January 21, 1907.
  14. Ibid.
  15. “Mayor, Aides Confer in Flood Emergency,” Buffalo Evening News, January 22, 1959.
  16. Buffalo Evening News, January 22, 1959.
  17. Tom Buckham, “Old First Ward to Recall ’59 Disaster,” Buffalo News, January 20, 2009.
  18. Courier-Express, January 22, 1959.
  19. Tom Buckham, “Old First Ward to Recall ’59 Disaster,” Buffalo News, January 20, 2009.
  20. Buffalo Evening News, January 24, 1959.
  21. “Mayor, Aides Confer in Flood Emergency,” Buffalo Evening News, January 22, 1959.
  22. Rennie, “Bidwell and Banta,” 36.
  23. “The Hemisphere: St. Lawrence Seaway,” Time, June 6, 1955.
  24. Brown, American Colossus, 182.
  25. Ibid., 182.
  26. Susan Stamberg, “The Coffee Break,” December 2, 2002, http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/coffeebreak accessed on February 5, 2012.
  27. Spagnoli, “Buffalo River Urban Canoe Trail,” 14.
  28. Ibid., 19.
  29. Ibid., 1.
  30. Richard Szczygiel, interview with author, May 22, 2010.
  31. http://www.sciencebuff.org/tifft-nature-preserve/about-tifft accessed on January 10, 2011.
  32. Ibid.
  33. Bud Zubler, “First Ward: This Proud Ground,” Buffalo News, April 14, 1967.
  34. Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Waterfront,” 143.
  35. Meyer, The World According to Griffin, 120.
  36. Michael Rizzo, Through the Mayors Eyes (Morrisville, N.C.: Lulu, Inc., 2005), 343.
  37. Tom Krzeminiski, interview with the author, April 29, 2010.
  38. Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News, August 22, 2006.
  39. Paul Chimera, “Jimmy Griffin” After 50 News, June 2008.
  40. Ibid.
  41. Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News, August 22, 2006.
  42. Mike Catanzaro, interview with the author, February 23, 2011.
  43. Ibid.
  44. Rizzo, Through the Mayors’ Eyes, 347.
  45. Ibid.
  46. James Fink, “The First Ward May Rise Again,” Business First, July 23, 1990.
  47. Ibid.
  48. Ibid.
  49. Meyer, The World According to Griffin, 20, 24, 25.
  50. Ray Hill, “Griffin Intent on Solo Rule in First 30 Days,” Buffalo News, n.d.
  51. Rizzo, Through the Mayors’ Eyes, 352.
  52. Meyer, The World According to Griffin, 133.
  53. Rizzo, Through the Mayor’s Eyes, 362.
  54. Buffalo News, May 26, 2008.
  55. Bert Hyde and Peggy Szczygiel, interview with author, February 5, 2011.
  56. Peggy Szczygiel, interview with author, October 30, 2010.
  57. Dale Anderson, “The Neglected Neighborhood,” Buffalo News, December 7, 1979.

Chapter 14

  1. Dale Anderson, “The Neglected Neighborhood,” Buffalo News, December 7, 1979.
  2. Dave Ernst, “Ralston Purina Mill Coming Down,” Buffalo Evening News, March 31, 1980.
  3. Lori Overdorf, “The Story Behind the “Old Neighborhood” St. Patrick’s Day Parade,” The Buffalo Downtowner, Vol. 5 issue 3: 5.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Professor William Jenkins, York University, tour of the First Ward attended by author, October 30, 2010.
  6. “Old First Ward Community Association: Strategic Plan 2003-2005”, http://www.dhcr.state.ny.us/Programs/NPP/Initiative/SampleStrategicPlan_OFW.pdf, accessed on September 15, 2011.
  7. Mark Schroeder, personal communication with the author, on September 15, 2011.
  8. Peggy Overdorf, interview with the author, February 8, 2010.
  9. Mark Sommer, “Railway Group Reserves Land for Museum,” Buffalo News, August 20, 2010.
  10. Bert Hyde, interview with author, May 22, 2010.
  11. Webers Company Website, http://www.webersmustard.com/history.asp, accessed on September 15, 2011.
  12. Fred O. Williams, “Deadly Strike Made History 100 Years Ago,” Buffalo News, June 13, 1999.
  13. Brown, American Colossus, 181.
  14. http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/grain/milling/milling.htm, accessed on January 8, 2011.
  15. Brown, American Colossus, 354.
  16. Brown, American Colossus, 355.
  17. Mark Sommer, “Activists Turn Up Heat on Harbor Development,” Buffalo News, November 27, 2010.
  18. Clint Brown, personal correspondence with the author during tour of the First Ward, February 27, 2010.
  19. “Walking Tour of the Ward” housed at W.M.M.
  20. Ray Hill, “At Foundering St. Brigid’s, Faith of Parish is Unsinkable,” Buffalo News, July 8, 1984.
  21. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 116.
  22. Ibid., 127.
  23. Jay Tokasz, “Paladino Buys Former Church,” Buffalo News, June 30, 2009.
  24. Fred Brill, personal correspondence with the author, January 5, 2011.
  25. Francis R. Kowsky, et. al., Buffalo Architecture: A Guide, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981), 244.
  26. Angelo Prospero, Jr., “Jimmy Slattery: Tons of Talent, Short on Will,” www.boxinginsider.com, April 15, 2008.
  27. www.buffaloah.com Arlan Peters, January 2006, accessed on January 3, 2011.
  28. Tracey Drury, “More Renovations Near as Shea’s Continues Five-year Plan,” Buffalo Business First, December 10-16, 2010.
  29. Dale Anderson, “Scholastic Rowing Association Makes a Splash in Buffalo River,” Buffalo News, August 27, 2010.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Joan Scahill, personal correspondence with author, January 3, 2011.
  32. Gerry Adams speech at Irish Center in South Buffalo on March 15, 2008 attended by the author.
  33. Bert Hyde, interview with author, October 26, 2010.
  34. http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4HM5 accessed on January 15, 2011
  35. Spagnoli, “Buffalo River Urban Canoe Trail,” 1.
  36. Ibid., 14.
  37. Mark Sommer, Buffalo News, June 9, 2009.
  38. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/regions_pdf/brivfs.pdf, accessed on February 5, 2012.
  39. Sarah Maurer, “Waterfront Project Team Wants Your Input on Cleanup Plan, ”Buffalo Rising, December 7, 2010.
  40. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Buffalo-River-Buffalo-NY.html accessed on February 5, 2012.
  41. Erik Brady, “Area’s Changed, but Residents Remain Close-knit and Proud,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 17, 1981.
  42. Dooley, House of Shanahan, 28.
  43. Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.